Essay on Social Policy Development - 1431 Words

It was not until the time of Sigmund Freud that people looked at the psyches of an individual and how that could impact an individual’s life. Before that time, children were viewed as extra farm hands and generally as cheap labor. Families did not consider the possible negative impact this could have on their development. Later, Erikson and Piaget furthered the study of human development and expanded the thought processes that Freud had pioneered. While all consider Freud the father of psychoanalytic thinking, few turn to many of his first theories about human development. Freud created the doorway by which all future developmental researchers were able to walk through to advance the study. While, experts have clearly not agreed on†¦show more content†¦Poverty is a generational issue, and most of the time mothers do not know how to care emotionally for their children. Poverty is one of the risk factors that have additional consequences that accompany it. Povert y brings several things with it that increase the infant’s exposure to physical, emotional, and cognitive harm. Infants and children raised in poverty are less likely to receive basic medical treatment and simple untreated illnesses can have a devastating lifelong effect. Families are more likely to live in substandard conditions that expose the youth to environmental risks such as contaminated drinking water and lead. Underlying stressors associated with poverty are financial stressors and depression among the youth’s caregiver. These issues can lead to ignoring of the infant’s emotional needs and the infant misses the opportunity to create a lifelong bond with another and trust in another being able to meet their needs. Inadequate parenting can occur over a child’s entire life span with different and yet still devastating results. As stated in by Hutchinson in her book Dimensions of Human Behavior, Changing the Life Course (2008): The most pervasive response to inadequate care giving is nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT). This diagnosis is used to describe infants, usually between the ages three to twelve months, who show poor development, primarily in terms of weightShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of The Welfare State And Social Policies1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of the Welfare State and Social Policies have been based on assumptions about gender, race, ability/disability and age. Discuss this statement with reference to one of the highlighted issues and illustrate your discussion with at least one area of Social Policy Disability is an umbrella term used to cover impairments, activity limitation and participation restrictions. Disability is not just a health problem but a complex phenomenon (WHO 2015). 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In you answer, be sure to contrast the pre- and post-1990 periods, and use the experience of two African countries to support your answer Electoral pressures and economic policies in Africa: Past records and prospects Introduction: The 1990s represent a period of electoral pressures for most Sub-Saharan African countries as governments faced external influences for politicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Bolsa Familia Springs From A Long Tradition Of Welfare And Development1471 Words   |  6 Pageswelfare and development strategies in Latin America. Economic and social development are of central concern to governments and development agencies worldwide due to their direct link to equality. This can be explained through the well-defined link between income levels and health, education and nutritional outcomes, emphasizing the importance of addressing inequality in order to break the cycle of intergenerational poverty. Thus, reducing inequality is central to the success of policy initiatives

Evaluation Of The O Malley And Pierce Reading Essay

Assessment Description: Which form of assessment did you choose? What rubric categories did you use? Explain how this assessment reflects appropriate practices for ELLs? The form of assessment that we chose was the picture cued description test. We also had our student do a self assessment and finally, we gave her time to draw whatever picture she wanted but just had to explain it to us. We started with the self assessment, which was taken from Chapter 4 of the O’Malley and Pierce reading. The self assessment itself asked the student to rate the difficulty level of things that the student could do in English. Some statements included, â€Å"I can speak with native speakers outside of school, I can listen to and understand video and television, and I can describe past events.† We then chose to do a picture cued description test. This included a 6 frame picture story board that was a picture of a boy throwing a ball for his dog, and the dog returning the ball back to the boy. We asked our student to explain what was happening in the picture and to tell us a story of what is going on with the boy and dog. Finally, the last part that we ass essed the student on was her ability to draw a picture but to explain why she wrote it and what the picture meant. We gave the student a whiteboard and marker and gave her about 10 minutes to freely draw. She drew a person sleeping in a bed under the moon and stars. The rubric categories that we used was the SOLOM teacher observation Student Oral

Short History of Mass Comm Free Essays

A Short History of Mass Communication Theory Paradigm results is a theory that summarizes and is consistent with all known facts and this often leads to a paradigm shift a fundamental, even radical, rethinking of what we believe to be true (Kuhn, 1970). Mass communication theory is a particulary open to such a paradigm shifts due to 3 factors : 1. Advances in technology or the introduction of new media. We will write a custom essay sample on Short History of Mass Comm or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Calls for control or regulatiin of these new technologies require. 3. As a country commited to protecting democracy and cultural pluralism. These factors produced 4 major eras of mass communication theory A. The era of mass society theory B. The era of scientific perspective C. The era of limited effects of theory D. The era of cultural theory A. THE ERA OF MASS SOCIETY THEORY During the second half of 19th century and the first decades of 20th century mass circulation newspaper and magazines, movies, talkies, and radio all came to prominence at this time. The country’s peaceful rural nature was beginning to slip further into history, Industrialization and urbanization is spread. The media needed to be controlled to protect traditional values and to prevent similar abuses at home. The resulting paradigm was mass society theory, the idea that the media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that â€Å"average† people are defenseless against their influence. The fundamental assumption of this paradigm is expressed in the hypodermic needle theory or magic bullet theory. Mass society theory is an example of grand theory, one designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon. Media did have effects, often good ones. B. THE ERA OF THE SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE Scientist determined that different factors led some people to be influenced and others not (Lowery DeFleur, 1995) The researcher had benefit of advances in survey research, polling, and other social scientific methods developed and championed by Austrian immigrant Paul Lazarsfeld. How to cite Short History of Mass Comm, Essay examples

Fukuyama the End of History free essay sample

Does the Marxist critique of capitalism still have relevance today? Despite the continuous and exaggerated proclamations toward its diminishing relevance, the theories and critiques originally put forth by Karl Marx toward the economic, political and social order continue to exert enormous intellectual influence and clout throughout human society. The 21st century, thus far, has been defined by utter global dysfunction through widening income inequality, financial crisis and instability, worsening environmental disasters and ongoing disputes in industrial relations[l]. The volatility and growing injustice of the contemporary era has brought about not only a resurgence in Marxist thinking and ideology, but has simultaneously mandated a deeper analysis toward the largely revered ideals of free-markets and capitalism as the global norms. The once widespread notion the fall of the Soviet Union represented the final demise of Marxism proclaimed the end of history by many is increasingly being exposed as short-sighted and negligent toward the ongoing and even growing importance of Marxism in contemporary debate[2]. This essay intends to argue the continuing relevance of Marxist theory in the 21st century. Furthermore, it is clear upon investigation that the ideas and critiques put forth by Marx offer an insightful explanation toward many of the issues which plague the existing political and economic systems throughout the globe. The continuing and even growing significance of Karl Mars works in the 21st century is largely attributable to the ongoing crisis of modern-day capitalism. In his writings, Marx made numerous observations and predictions toward the free-market system and its laws of existence and upon analysis, it is clear that many of the ills and injustices which permeate throughout the modern global economy can be aptly explained by the critiques and theories put forth by Marx over a hundred years ago[3]. First and foremost, he anticipated that capitalism in its nature is a system which concentrates wealth and pits classes against each other. As marketplace competition progressed, he proclaimed that monopolies would occur along with an increasing concentration of capital in the hands of fewer and fewer individuals. Ultimately, this would cause a growing disparity in wealth and would pit and increasingly disparate working class against the capitalists[4]. Furthermore, while he acknowledged that capitalism is a suitable vehicle for economic growth, he also rightfully proclaimed that such growth would ultimately be built upon an unsustainable model. Furthermore, it would be negligent toward the advancement of the greater good and would be at the expense of the working class[5]. Such economic growth, as we can observe in todays global economy, has lead to increased mechanization and productivity, but has merely been used as a vehicle for further unemployment and inequality. Secondly, an ever increasing disparity of wealth would ultimately limit the consumer purchasing power within society and subsequently cause capitalism, even in spite of advancements in productive capacity, to attention as system lacking and constrained tot demand[6 Furthermore, given its unpredictable and static nature, capitalism would always be riddled with imbalances and the levels of production wouldnt be relative to demand, leading to an improper and distorted allocation of resources. This, in totality, would inevitably be responsible for gross and widening inequality, social unrest and an economy prone to meltdowns[7]. The recurring and persistent issues of capitalism alone ought to confirm the ongoing elevate of Mars critique. There is, however, much more that Marx anticipated specifically doing with the environment which hold significant and increasing relevance in contemporary times. Marx astutely made the point that the advancements brought about by capitalism and mass profiteering would not only be detrimental to the working class, but would inevitably lead to large scale degradation of the agricultural and environmental landscape[8]. This clearly is still relevant today as we see degradation of our environment on a mass scale in the name of profit and economic growth. Furthermore, Mars detailed analysis of many of the cultural aspects of capitalism still ring true today. This largely revolves around issues such as colonialism, gender equality and its role in the spread of global capitalism, especially in the developing world[9]. Specifically, one can point to the globalization of capitalism in modern times as a mere meaner of exploiting cheap labor sources whilst simultaneously causing irreparable degradation to the environment, all in the name of profit[10]. Looking back, it is increasingly clear that the observations offered by Marx still hold rue and are in fact increasingly relevant in contemporary times. Ultimately, as Marx anticipated, capitalism has proven to be volatile and self destructive force which contains the seeds of its own demise. With the globalization of capitalism and economic activity in the over the last few decades, one can now witness these flaws permeate on a much grander scale. Events such as the global financial crisis, an issue which alone is testament to the continuing relevance of Marxist critique, are bound to happen in a worldwide capitalist economy built upon widening income inequality and reckless profiteering. Furthermore, the large scale destruction of our natural and environmental resources have been done in the name of capitalism and short term gain over longer term rationality[11]. There are clearly distinct parallels between what Marx put forth and the ongoing issues which we face in the 21st century which signal his continuing relevance in contemporary times. References Google Docs. 2002. Marx, Weber and the Critique of Capitalism. [online] Available at: HTTPS://docs. Google. Com/document/d/l YnelX85nXksuW-a- [Accessed: 10 July 2013]. History of Economic Thought Society of Australia. 2010. Mars Understanding of the Essence of Capitalism. [online] Available at: http://www. Heats. Org. AU/PDF-back/17- 3. P accessed Postpone, M. 1993. Rethinking Mars critique of capitalism. In: Postpone, M. Deeds. 1993. Time, Labor and Social Domination. 1st De. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, up. 3-42. Rescind, S. And Wolff, R. 2010. The Economic Crisis: A Marxian Interpretation. Rethinking Marxism, 22 (2), up. 171-184. Available at: http:// Allah, R. , Khan, K. And Sails Shah, M. 2012. Steinbeck The Pearl as Marxist Critique of Capitalism. Alienation Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (4), up. 73-278. Available at: http://www. Sunshine. Com/Journals/ Volvo_2_No_4_Special_Issue_February_2012/32. PDF [Accessed: 10 July 2013]. University of Kent. 2008. MARXISM AND THE CRISIS OF CAPITALISM. Cocaine] Available at: http://www. Kent. AC. UK/sell/philosophy/articles/Sayers/Marxism andh20thiscrisispofficapitalismesPDF: 10 Jul 2013].Julyuman rights are a contested concept. Yet this has not prevented them from having impact around the world. Discuss. The concept of and idea of human rights is one which permeates tthroughouthroughouts of international politics. It is routinely invoked by political elites, academics and has been used to both Justify and denounce conflict. Never less, human rights remain a widely contested concept and as a result are subject to various interpretations[12]. Furthermore, while sthrong costrong has been reached globally toward human rights norms, substantive controversies and differences remain over the specific contexts and meanings of human rights. However, this is little doubt the ongoing ideal of human rights has historically been used as an instrument for oppression by the powerful and as a tool for resistance by those whom have been arginaliseReginaldctively employed, the fight for human rights has presented a formidable challenge to authorities and oppressive regimes that are negligent to their plight tor recogntorton. Otten timeOatenman rights are done away in order to manipulate or reaffirm a regimes grip on the social order. In spite of its ongoing contentions, human rights continue to impact the world greatly and are part of an ongoing struggle for recognition by many oppressed groups and people[14]. The 20th and 21st century has beared witbeardo the proliferation of human rights law to the forefront of international politics. Contrary to standard thinking, the United Nations over the course of the last century has been extremely productive through its plethora of declarations, conventions and resolutions in order to deal with a broad range of abuses tthroughouthroughout[1 5]. These abuses centrally focus on racial discrimination, women and cchildrenchildrensequality and the recognition of indigenous groups. This progress has been primarily pushed by non-governmental organizations, faith based groups and social-Justice based initiatives. In totality, there has been sense of substantive and serious progress by the international community o deal with the ongoing issues of human rights tthroughouthroughout[16]. This progress, however, has also been undermined a host of factors which have contested its motives and effectiveness. The logic and theory of liberal human-rights have come under heavy criticism from a host of individuals and groups in academic circles most namely Marxists, Marxistts, authoritarians and cultural relativists[17]. Beyond this, the growing use of human rights as a political practice viewed with apprehension by those in non-western governments, corporate actors and a wide range of political elites who often invoke the competing political mperativesimperativesty, economics and realist ambition as a mearns to meaner basic standards of human rights[18]. Upon deeper analysis, it is clear that there has been a lack of focus toward the true meaning of human rights as seen by a wide range of political and social actors on the global stage. Furthermore, there has also been a lack of understanding toward how the institutioinstitutionalizingrights in international politics has impacted the cultural and social cohesion of political processes and relations, both domestic and internationally[19]. Human rights can only be enforced by states. They are, however, not the primary function of the great majority of states and their application is largely regulated by international bodies and institutions. The increasingly global nature of human rights is caused by the increasing capacity and potential for them to be institutioinstitutionalizeddwide scale. In the contemporary era, the vast majority of states have committed themselves to wide reaching human rights treaties and agreements which has further entrenched international law toward global human rights[20]. Subsequently, states which have yet to ratify to international standards nd norms hNDe faced mounting pressure to bind themselves to an increasingly global consensus. Because of this, one could reasonably assume that the increasingly institutioinstitutionalized human rights could pave the way for unprecedented progress[21]. The recent strides made toward womens rights, especially toward reproductive freedoms and toward same-sex mmarriage marriagements to the evolving definitions of what constitutes human rights. This progress, however, must be tempered wit n the reali ty trealuTTYn rights can largely on be realised trealizedathroughation of the nation-state. While the application of human rights is ncreasinglincreasinglya global issue, the state remains the key actor in the realisatiorealizationrights. Subsequently, while much of the western world marches forward toward greater equality, many third world states still lack the basic respect for fundamental rights and show no signs of development[22]. The global movement toward equality is grounded in a belief in the transformatransformation of our world. Furthermore, global recognition of human rights is contingent on the realisatiorealizationas a civilisaticivilizationgressed forward. The coming together of nation-states in pursuit of human-rights is a pivotal component of the iberal iniIberiae which seeks to institutioinstitutionalizes of individuals. It is a narrative driven by the ongoing conviction that the world is continually emerging from injustice from an unciviliseuncivilized initiative has traditionally emanated from the heart of Europe and has spread to encompass a wider agenda of western- liberalism in the contemporary era. The end of the Cold-war has spawned an era of liberal internationalism as the global norm, which still lacks any ideological equivalent[23]. This, however, doesnt signal an easy and uninterrupted march toward progress. Numerous critiques still exist along with substantive and practical tensions that charactericharacterizehts law.